Common belladonna typical (Atropa belladonna subsp. belladonna)

Deadly nightshade Belladonna Devil's cherries

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Atropa belladonna subsp. belladonna (Deadly Nightshade) | Encyclopedia

Occurring naturally across Europe and parts of Asia, this nominate subspecies of the deadly nightshade has long been studied for its potent alkaloids. Atropa belladonna subsp. belladonna is the typical subspecies of the genus.

It thrives in damp, shaded areas, often growing in calcareous soils near woodlands. The plant is historically famous for both its medicinal applications and its lethal reputation as a poison.

Taxonomy

∟ царство Plantae
∟ division Tracheophytes (Vascular Plants)
∟ subdivision Spermatophytes (Seed plants)
∟ Angiosperms
∟ mesangiosperms (Core angiosperms)
∟ eudicots
∟ asterids
∟ order Solanales
∟ family Solanaceae
∟ subfamily Solanoideae
∟ tribe Hyoscyameae
∟ genus Atropa (Belladonna)
∟ species Atropa bella-donna (Deadly Nightshade)
∟ subspecies Atropa belladonna subsp. belladonna (Common belladonna typical)

Morphology

The subspecies possesses several distinct morphological features that define its classic appearance. Key traits include:

Stems: Herbaceous, erect, branching, reaching heights of up to 1.5 to 2 meters.
Leaves: Ovate to oblong, entire, arranged in unequal pairs, often dark green.
Flowers: Dull purple or brownish-purple, bell-shaped, nodding, borne singly in leaf axils.
Berries: Shiny, globose, black fruit resting on a persistent star-shaped calyx.

Flowering season

June to August

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Applications

The subspecies has a rich history of use in medicine, cosmetics, and toxicology. Modern applications are strictly pharmaceutical.

Ophthalmic Use: Atropine derived from the plant is used to dilate pupils during eye examinations.
Antispasmodic Medicine: Extracts help treat gastrointestinal spasms and other autonomic nervous system conditions.
Historical Cosmetics: Women historically used diluted eye drops from the plant to enlarge their pupils for cosmetic purposes.

Interesting facts

The name belladonna translates from Italian as beautiful lady, referencing its historic cosmetic use. It is also associated with folklore and witchcraft in various European cultures.

Lethal Dosage: Consuming only a few berries can be fatal to an adult human.
Roman History: Historically used by the ancient Romans as a poison, including in high-profile political plots.