Characterized by its long history in traditional medicine and its milky-veined leaves, Silybum marianum var. marianum remains the definitive variety of the species. This hardy plant has spread from its native Mediterranean range to colonize various temperate zones across the globe.
It is particularly famous for its association with traditional herbalism and modern pharmacology. Its adaptability allows it to thrive in disturbed soils, pastures, and rocky wasteland areas.
This annual or biennial herb typically reaches a height of 1 to 2 meters, displaying an erect, stout stem. The leaves are large, shiny, and deeply lobed, featuring a highly characteristic network of milky-white veins across their upper surface.
The margins of the leaves are heavily armed with sharp, yellow spines. The plant produces large, solitary, purple flower heads that are surrounded by broad, spine-tipped outer bracts.
Following pollination, the flower heads yield dark, shiny achenes. These seeds are attached to a silky white pappus, which aids in wind-borne seed dispersal over long distances.
Late spring to mid-summer
The primary value of this variety lies in its seeds, which are the main commercial source of silymarin. This complex of flavonolignans is widely used in pharmaceutical preparations to support liver health and treat hepatic disorders.
Extracts from the plant are popular in dietary supplements, herbal teas, and traditional remedies. Additionally, historical records indicate that various parts of the plant, including the roots and young leaves, were consumed as vegetables.
The distinctive milky pattern on the foliage inspired the common name milk thistle. According to Christian folklore, these white veins were created by drops of the Virgin Mary's milk falling onto the leaves.
Due to its high silymarin content, it is one of the most extensively researched medicinal plants in modern science. It has also developed a reputation as a stubborn agricultural weed in regions where it has naturalized.
External Databases: GBIF
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